Grand Unified Theory, Analogue
based upon the Pan Theory,
author Forrest Noble Dec. 2021
Although we expect that most readers of this paper know what a “grand unified theory” is, we provide a definition as this term applies to this paper. This paper is in theory form; it is not a research paper since there are few references, and no references that are not given within the text.
What is a Grand Unified Theory?
Definition: A Grand Unified Theory (GUT) is a proposed model relating to particle physics in which the so-called fundamental forces of nature are explained by a single principle and/ or related equations. These forces are Magnetism, Gravity, the Strong Force, and the Weak force.
The Strong and Weak forces refer to atomic nuclei, while Magnetism and Gravity primarily relate to the macro-world concerning the explanations given in this text. Many such proposals exclude gravity, but this GUT proposal includes it
There have been a number of mathematical GUT attempts in the past and a number of them are considered well known.
Mainstream GUT proposals and attempts such as:
• flipped SU(5) — SU(5) × U(1)
• minimal left-right model — SU(3)C × SU(2)L × SU(2)R × U(1)B-L
• Trinification — SU(3) × SU(3) × SU(3)
• [SU(4) × SU(2) × SU(2)]/Z2
• 331 model
• Georgi–Glashow model — SU(5)
• Loop Quantum Gravity
• SO(10) models
• E6
• chiral color
• Pati–Salam model — SU(4) × SU(2) × SU(2)
• Flipped SO(10) — SO(10) × U(1)
And many others.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory
Those GUT’s above are considered mainstream models because they accept the related mainstream physics concerning the individual explanations and descriptions of these forces. The GUT we are proposing does not accept mainstream explanations concerning any of these forces, other than their equations. But we do consider Einstein and Maxwell’s aether approach to these explanations, even though our explanations are different from their verbal explanations concerning the existence of a related background aether.
Therefore we will provide different understandings first, and provide the reasons for our conclusion that no new equations are needed for a GUT. If in time there is an acceptance of our explanations and conceptual understandings, if anyone believes an additional mathematical based GUT would have value based on our explanations, then they would also have to explain the value of their mathematical GUT over individual explanations for each force.
Of course our approach is very different from past attempts at creating a GUT by most everyone including Einstein and Schrödinger and a number of other theories like those shown above. Some past approaches have been to generally combine gravity and magnetism under one mathematical umbrella, combining General Relativity equations with Maxwell’s equations. We believe that even if such an approach were somewhat successful, or the GUT’s approaches shown above, that little or nothing new concerning a better understanding of these forces, or of reality would result. Instead our approach will be to provide a better understanding of each force and of reality concerning the four supposed forces of nature, explanations which are very different from the standard model of particle physics. The hypothesis we are following states that none of the above forces are themselves forces of nature via pulling forces, or forces-at-a-distance.
Relationship to aether theory: Outside of its mathematics, little of general relativity explains the meaning of warped space. Such explanations given by Einstein came later in his attempt at a GUT when he developed his own mathematics-based aether theory which very few physicists now consider valid. Maxwell’s equations were also based upon Maxwell’s own aether theory which seems hard to evaluate based upon its mechanics and today’s understandings of reality. In a similar way, very few if any physicists today consider Maxwell’s aether theory valid.
Defining Forces of nature:
The term “forces-of-nature” refers to capabilities of the natural world that enable its various members to act on, or interact with one another. In today’s physics these forces number four: the strong and weak nuclear forces, the electromagnetic force, and the gravitational force, where the force of gravity sometimes is excluded as not being a force, as Einstein proposed, and which we also propose. All mainstream explanations of the forces of nature involve forces-at-a-distance and “carrier” particles.
What does the word analogue mean in this GUT title?
Analogue defined:
The word analogue as it is used concerning this paper refers to something that is similar to or comparable to something else either in general or in specific details, but also it can have details which are very different.
1.0 Unifying the forces of nature in this model via their better understandings
Since all of these forces of nature refer to actions-at-a-distance in mainstream physics, one of the unifying factors involved in this GUT asserts that none of these forces involve a pulling force-at-a-distance, and none involve carrier particles or are fundamental forces of nature. We will show how all of these forces are controlled by a single little-known force, which we will show as the factor of unification concerning all of the four so-called forces of nature.
We will show how magnetism and gravity relate to each other by a single contact force separate from themselves, and how the Strong and Weak forces together relate to the same single contact force – and that all four of these forces involve physical contact and engagement, while none of them involve a carrier particle.
In the standard model, the carrier particle for the force of gravity is thought to be the graviton, although it has never been discovered. For magnetism, the carrier particle is supposedly the photon. For the Strong Force the carrier particle is believed to be the gluon, and for the Weak Force the carrier particles are believe to be the W and Z bosons.
1.1 Aether as explained in this proposal
The definition of aether relates to explanations given by Einstein, Newton, and others.
Definition: The word aether in modern physics is a disagreeable word (see 2.2 below), even so aether theory persists to this day. According to this proposal, aether is a type of omni-present, non-matter superfluid of sorts, the most well known entity having these characteristics is believed to be the Zero Point Field. Einstein had his own version of aether that he developed for his GUT, relating to the ZPF, which was little known at the time of his theorizing. Other proposed candidates have been the Higgs Field, dark matter, dark energy, etc., which collectively have been called the quantum substrate.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_aether_theory
https://www.jstor.org/stable/20945
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aether_theories
Einstein, Dirac and others during their later theorizing, did not know much of the Zero Point Field (ZPF or ZPE) to the extent that it has been observed and studied in the past 90 years since the early 1930’s. Some identify the ZPF as the aether of yore, but not necessarily believe it to be the luminiferous aether because that would require additional theory, and mainstream theorists today believe that there is no need for a carrier field for light since they assert that light is made up of waves of photons, radiated from its source.
In this GUT we make little reference to aether but consider the ZPF as being a type of aether, and refer to it directly as the ZPF. Most all of the explanations given below are different from mainstream physics, but some references to mainstream theory are also given. All of the theory and explanations given are according to the Pan Theory: http://www.pantheory.org/
2.0 Explaining Gravity and Magnetism
First we will explain these forces separately, and then explain how they relate to each other involving the same external force of unification.
2.1 Gravity
How the force of Gravity begins: The force of gravity begins with EM radiation. EM radiation consists of transverse pressure waves in the background field radiating outward from its source. All matter creates EM radiation. These pressure waves travel at the speed of light and can push solar sails great distances from the sun. It does the same for all matter in that all matter has a temperature to it higher than zero point energy by producing EM radiation, primarily via its orbiting electrons. At the smallest scales this radiation is low frequency heat.
At both the scales of the largest and smallest matter, immediately surrounding matter is a lower pressure field volume as a result of its EM radiation. Therefore the furthest distances away from matter would be the highest field pressures and densities. Although the ZPF physically flows toward lower pressure volumes, the force of gravity accompanies this backflow, as an energy flow through the aether at the speed of light, similar to EM radiation. These generally would be tiny gravity waves toward matter, like the matter waves of electrons, but they would be incoherent, meaning there would be no distinct frequency to them.
Gravity as a pushing force: The ZPF aether is omni-present, it is gravity centered, and is the sole source and cause of gravity upon matter via its differences in densities and pressures surrounding matter creating these low pressure and density volumes of the ZPF, resulting in the force of gravity.
Figure 1
The aether field pushes with an even pressure everywhere. The force of the aether is equal to
the force element of the Gravitational constant G, which is 6.6743015 × 10−11 Newtons. As the ZPF atmospheric pressure force, it is the pushing force upon itself and upon all matter creating its mass and its gravitation potential.
The ZPF aether pressure surrounding the two bodies above is therefore less than it is in open space away from this matter. As these lower pressure volumes surround matter and interact with each other, as seen above, the forces between these two bodies is less than the their surrounding field pressure forces causing the two bodies to be pushed together. In pushing gravity models this is called the shadow effect of gravity.
2.2 The idea of calling a background field aether is no longer in style.
Physicist Robert B. Laughlin wrote:
“It is ironic that Einstein’s most creative work, the general theory of relativity, should boil down to conceptualizing space as a medium when his original premise, in special relativity, was that no such medium existed …The word ‘aether’ today has extremely negative connotations in theoretical physics because of its past association with opposition to special relativity. This is unfortunate because, stripped of these connotations; it rather nicely captures the way most physicists actually think about the vacuum. Relativity actually says nothing about the existence or nonexistence of matter (particulates) pervading the universe, only that any such matter must have relativistic symmetry. It turns out that such matter exists. About the time special relativity was becoming accepted, studies of radioactivity began showing that the empty vacuum of space had spectroscopic structure similar to that of ordinary quantum solids and fluids.”
“Subsequent studies with large particle accelerators have now led us to understand that space is more like a piece of window glass than ideal emptiness. It is filled with ‘stuff’ that is normally transparent but can be made visible by hitting it sufficiently hard to knock out a part. The modern concept of the vacuum of space, confirmed every day by experiment, is a type of aether. We do not call it aether today since the word aether is taboo according to what is presently taught and properly accepted as proper verbiage in mainstream science.”
Upon his analysis of Riemann geometry, Einstein realized that it met the needs of his equations, providing the subtle changes needed to fit the observations Einstein was evaluating. He described these changes via the warping of space, but more accurately 5 years later he described them as:
…matter influences the structure of the aether surrounding it (quote directly below).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminiferous_aether
Since then theorists only seem to remember his warped-space quote. Few seem to remember his quote concerning matter influences the structure of the aether, which he sometimes referred to verbally as the warping of spacetime.
But in his paper of 1924, titled Concerning the Aether, Einstein explained that the “aether of general relativity was not absolute, in that matter is influenced by the aether, just as matter influences the structure of the aether.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminiferous_aether
We believe this last statement by Einstein is a key to his warped space idea. In this quote of 1924, Einstein said: …” just as matter influences the structure of the aether.” Here he did not say that matter influences the structure of space, as in warped space. Instead he said matter influences the structure of the aether. Such structural changes of the aether could be density and pressure differences, aether flows around matter following lesser aether densities, etc. But Einstein did not elaborate on the detail of it except by his aether related equations. So we dispel the warped space idea in favor of “structural changes in the aether surrounding matter.”
Newton proposed the existence of pushing gravity via aether in his Third Book of Opticks (1st ed. 1704; 2nd ed. 1718): Newton’s quote:
“Is not this medium much rarer within the dense bodies of the Sun, stars, planets and comets, than in the empty celestial space between them? And in passing from them to great distances, doth it not grow denser and denser perpetually, and thereby cause the gravity of those great bodies towards one another, and of their parts towards the bodies; every body endeavoring to go from the denser parts of the medium towards the rarer?”
https://handwiki.org/wiki/Physics:Aether_theories
2.2 Magnetism:
In the 19th century luminiferous aether (or ether), meaning light-bearing aether, was a theorized medium for the propagation of light. James Clerk Maxwell developed an aether model to explain electric and magnetic phenomena. A model that led to what are now called Maxwell’s equations, and the understanding of light as an electromagnetic wave.
For our explanation of magnetism, the source of magnetism is less important, whether it be a permanent or electromagnet, etc., so we will start our explanation with ferro-magnetism and progress from there.
Like all matter, iron and other ferromagnetic materials produce De Broglie waves, AKA matter waves.
Figure 2
An Iron Atom with its electron structure and spacing, 2D
https://byjus.com/chemistry/electronic-configuration-of-iron/
Notice the electron symmetry of the iron atom. Their orbital velocity about the nucleus is what produces De Broglie waves within the aether. These waves also have the same collective symmetry as the atom. It is this symmetry of De Broglie waves that magnetizes adjacent iron, nickel or similar metals.
Those De Broglie waves encountering the surface atoms of an adjacent piece of iron cause a domino effect of electron alignment within the atoms which initiates small circular currents of free electrons within the iron perpendicular to the contact point of the De Broglie waves. These De Broglie waves when passing through iron initiate a small free electron flow within the iron also influencing the atomic vortices to align themselves in the position of least resistance to the current flow. The result of this small peripheral current flow that dominos inward, would indicate the temporary atomic alignment and magnetization of the piece of iron in the opposite direction of the incoming waves; therefore it would have the opposite polarity and radiate De Broglie waves back toward the initiating magnet.
The north pole of a bar magnet would face the south pole of the temporary iron magnet or visa-versa. In the Earth’s atmosphere, the volume surrounding the magnet of iron would be air comprised of gas molecules. If it’s a so-called “vacuum” made on earth, it’s also comprised of gas molecules and free electrons of lesser density. As these De Broglie waves move through molecules until/ unless they are absorbed by the iron, they perpetuate alignment in the iron with the opposite orientation as the magnet. We can see what we call the magnetic field orientation of free electrons surrounding a bar magnet when iron filings are sprinkled on it.
These lines are the alignment of free electrons by the magnets De Broglie waves – shown be the iron filings. The De Broglie waves are produced by all orbiting electrons so that they would have no coherent frequency because they would be produced by all four orbital rings of the iron atoms. therefore all would have different velocities. So this proposal asserts that the De Broglie waves produced by the orbiting atomic electrons are what we call magnetic waves since they produce magnetism.
Figure 3
https://www.logicalclass.com/contant/view/974
Atomic and molecular “funnels,” figure 3 below, face in the opposite direction; this is the orientation of least resistance to surface electron flow as well as aether flow because of reduced kinetic field pressure in that direction. The random vectors of the ZPF forces would therefore be reduced between the magnet and the piece of adjacent iron once De Broglie waves are going back and forth between the magnet and the iron, which becomes a temporary magnet. Small internal electrical currents would also strengthen surface electron flow. Bar magnet depiction shown above.
Figure 4
We represent the magnetic force effect of a magnet on iron within a magnetic field. The concept of a magnetic field can be understood if we remember the gravitational force of Earth on an object near it. We say that the mere presence of Earth sets up a gravitational field in the surrounding space, and that we can represent this gravitational force effect with lines starting from Earth and radially diverging away to almost infinity. This gravitational field encompasses all matter near other matter. A similar effect occurs in ferromagnetism. Therefore both gravity and magnetism are caused by the same force, the field pressure of the Zero Point Field upon all matter, and the reduced field pressure between the matter effected. In both cases a lower pressure field is created between close bodies of matter, and between a magnet and a piece of iron close to the magnet. The force of the field surrounding them of 6.6743015 × 10−11 Newtons pushes matter and magnets together.
In both magnetism and gravity the pushing force is initiated when the field pressure between matter, or the field pressure between a magnet and ferromagnetic material, is initiated by a lower field pressure between the magnet and the adjacent ferromagnetic material. The field pushes these materials together. An electromagnet would work similarly with other metal conductors without iron being involved.
Para and Diamagnetic materials: Since atomic structure is different for every element, many elements show differences within a magnetic field based upon their distribution of electrons. Paramagnetic materials characteristically align with and strengthen an external magnetic field, while diamagnetic materials partially expel an applied field and partially align themselves so that their atomic and electron alignment is perpendicular to the lines of the magnetic field. In these materials alignments are done without any observable movement of the material itself when it is visible is size because gravity can overcome possible movement.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/diamagnetism-and-paramagnetism/
Therefore magnetism and gravity are caused by the same force, the surrounding pressures of the Zero Point Field. This is the unifying force of these two fields, regarding this Grand Unified Theory.
Of course there are a great many other facets of gravity and magnetism not mentioned here, but this is all that is needed to show that both are activated by the same force, the Zero Point Field, AKA the aether — regarding 6.6743015 × 10−11 Newtons, via its omnipresent pushing force.
3.0 Explaining The Strong Force, the Strong Interaction, and the Weak Force
3.1 The Strong Interaction
The Strong force is also referred to as the Strong Interaction. The Strong Interaction occurs within atomic nuclei by holding it together. At the range of 10−15 m (slightly more than the radius of a nucleon), the strong interaction is approximately 137 times as strong as electromagnetism, 106 times as strong as the weak interaction, and 1038 times as strong as gravitation. The strong interaction is the force that binds neutrons and protons together to create atomic nuclei, where it is also called the nuclear force. Most of the mass of a common proton or neutron is the result of the strong force field energy; their internal binding is thought to make up only about 1% of the mass of a proton.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction
According to this GUT the vast majority of atomic and fermion mass relates to the field pressure upon matter, which is again 6.6743015 × 10−11 Newtons – the pressure of the Zero Point Field upon itself, upon all space and matter which creates what we call the particle’s mass – not the Higgs field which does not exist according to this proposal. A Higgs particle has been shown to exist for quadrillions of a second, separate from its theorized field.
The strength of the Strong force that holds protons together as a single particle, is supposedly the same as the force of the Strong interaction which holds nucleons together. We have no need for disagreeing with this statement.
Figure 4
Figure from “Energy Education” https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Strong_nuclear_force
The electrical force push protons apart and the strong force acts on both protons and neutrons holding them together and pull them back inside an atomic nucleus.
Figure 5
a b c d
Figure 5 is a good depiction of the Strong Interaction concerning the binding of nucleons. We will start with figure ‘b’. When a force as in figure ‘b’, top right vector, is trying to separate nucleons, the spring stretches and the force increases and pulls the nucleons back together as in the top left vector of figure ‘b’. All internal vectors hold the nucleons together as in the vectors of figure ‘a’. Nucleons joint together in three dimensions, where figures ‘c’ and ‘d’ are two dimensional depictions of these possibilities.
The electrical force acts to push protons and neutrons apart, the strong force holds both protons and neutrons together via physical connections inside atomic nuclei, as seen below in figure 3.
This is a good depiction of the Strong Interaction concerning nucleons. We will start with figure ‘c’ above. When a force as in figure ‘b’ is trying to separate nucleons, the top right vector of figure ‘b’, the spring stretches and the force increases, the resisting mechanical force pulls the nucleons back together as in the top left vector of figure ‘b’. Normally all vectors involved hold the nucleus together physically as in the vectors of figure ‘a’. Nucleons joint together in a three dimensional form, figures ‘c’ and d are two dimensional depictions of this.
Figure 6
Above is the beginning of a spring form. Below is a well developed long spring.
Figure 7
a very long spring
Figure 8
Above is the spring form of a proton. Notice it has no visible parts to it such as quarks or gluons since in the Pan Theory quarks are just a part of a good mathematical system that do not exist in reality as individual particles. Also notice that the proton is in the form of a self engaged looped spring. Try to pull the proton apart and as it stretches the resistance force to separation increases. The Strong Force increases which will keep the proton together, based upon the same spring force that holds nucleons together.
Figure 9
The hypothetical scale of the above ZPF spring-field representation is roughly 10 -15 m2; roughly the diameter of a proton squatted.
The ZPF aether density shown above in figure 9 could be many factors greater than the normal density of the ZPF in free space.
For instance, a very dense ZPF could look something like the above on the periphery of a black hole. A normal ZPF around us could be a very thin version of this picture. The average spring length could be much smaller than an electron, and the space within it many factors greater than the size of the substance within the physical spring.
Figure 10
Above is a depiction of the helium 4 nucleus, two protons and two neutrons. In the top view of figure 10, the top and bottom nucleons are protons, while the left and right nucleons are neutrons. The nucleus as a whole spins in the direction as shown, while the nucleons themselves spin, neutrons and protons, perpendicular to this plane making them appear to be solid,
As in figure 1, the proton has two free “arms.” These arms allow the engagement, which is the joining of nucleons together by the engagement and physical attachment of their spring form. Neutrons accordingly have just one free arm; the other arm is self engaged. The arrows above show the force and direction of nuclear rotation. Therefore nucleons are joined together physically by the fusion pressures within a star, progressively one heavier element at a time. .
The protons have two free arms, while the neutrons have one free arm and the other is self engaged on the side of its loop via an electron. This is the difference between protons and neutrons. Protons can engage (become attached to) a neutron when forced together, and likewise neutrons can engage a proton. But when the number of neutrons exceeds the number of protons there can be problems concerning nuclear stability, especially in heavier elements.
3.2 The Strong Force
The strong force involves the binding of nucleons together physically keeping the protons and neutrons of an atom’s nucleus together. Nucleons are also fermions, spinning particles. In this GUT there are no such things as quarks and gluons, so none of them would be a part of the strong force according to this proposal. But Quarks and Gluons are a part of a good mathematical system which is the best functional model we presently have to explain the interaction of particles in the standard model of particle physics. The Strong Interaction, as explained above, is also synonymous with the Strong Force.
The breaking of the strong force concerning a neutron or proton is believed to happen very seldom. It could happen during nuclear fission, E=MC2, whether man-made, or in a galactic environment. The half-life of a proton for instance, if one exists, is a time period beyond what we can measure today.
How about anti-particles; are they stable? According to mainstream physics, antiprotons are stable particles. According to this proposal they are less stable than protons. Looking at figure 8 above, one can see what is called the “joining point,” which is the point of self engagement of a proton. According to the Pan Theory this point is different for antiparticles in that from this perspective the proton engagement of the arms adjoins on the top, and for an antiproton the joining arm is on the bottom. This causes the antiproton to spin in the opposite direction. This opposite spin can cause the joining point to disengage, while the proton spin direction causes increased adjoining pressure.
For this reason antiprotons would have a shorter half-life based upon the form of figure 8, when it spins. Arbitrarily this half life could be in the millions of years rather than the billions or trillions of years concerning the half-life of a proton. The same difference could relate to electrons vs. positrons. This half-life difference could explain the reason for the dominance of matter over antimatter.
3.3 The Weak Force
The standard definition of the Weak Force is as follows:
The Weak Force, also called the weak interaction and weak nuclear force, is believed to be a fundamental force of nature that underlies some forms of radioactivity, and governs the decay of unstable subatomic particles such as neutrons.
The Standard model explanation is that particles interact through the weak interaction by exchanging force-carrier particles known as the W and Z particles. Instead in this proposal carrier particles do not exist in any form for any force, instead the W and Z particles are the result of neutron decay rather than being the cause of it.
Many subatomic particles are unstable and decay by the weak interaction, but not the most well known of them such as protons and electrons, which are charged particles. The lifetimes for particles that decay via the weak interaction vary from as little as 10−13 second to 896 seconds, which is the mean life of a free neutron. Neutrons bound in atomic nuclei can be very stable, as they are when they occur in the familiar chemical elements, but they can also give rise through weak decays to the type of radioactivity known as beta decay.
https://www.britannica.com/science/weak-force
According to this GUT, there are good understandings related to the standard definition of the Weak force, even though we have disagreement with some parts of it concerning what is happening concerning the weak force adhesion and resistance to separation, and the related decay and radio activity.
We will exclude mesons from this theory since this GUT does not adhere to quark theory, although mesons can exist as very short-lived particles according to observations, their function in reality has little to do with this GUT.
In this GUT, there is no such thing as force carrier particles since these so-called forces have a single cause unrelated to carrier particles as explained above, concerning gravity, magnetism, and the Strong Force, as explained above, and for the Weak force as will be explained below.
Concerning figure 10 above, protons have two free arms, while neutrons have just one free arm because its other arm is self engaged on the side of its loop, fastened by an electron as seen in figures 10.
The Helium 6 and helium 8 atoms are both radioactive; they both radiate neutrons quickly and are not stable. Notice how two neutrons are joined next to each other, the left and right 2 neutrons, figure 11 below. When this occurs one or more of the neutrons is poorly attached. This explains the Weak Force in that non-stable attachments of neutron(s) to the nuclear center disengage from the nucleus via centrifugal pressures, interactions with virtual particles, and incoming radiation. The center pieces that accompany this disengagement become the very short lived particles called the ‘W’ and ‘Z’ particles.
Figure 11
The Helium 6 atom shown above and the helium 8 nuclei are both radioactive. They both radiate neutrons quickly and are not stable. Notice how two neutrons are joined next to each other in this hypothetical depiction, the left and right two nucleons of the drawing.. When this occurs one or more of the neutrons is poorly attached and will radiate away; for many different atomic nuclei this decay can happen in a short period of time.
3.2.1 Nucleon disengagement and nuclear radiation related to the weak force
Why and how does the Weak Force decay?
All atomic nuclei spin, and this spinning is real just like the particle spin of fermions. From this spin all nucleons are subject to the separation forces of the centrifugal force which dimensionally separates the nucleons to some extent as shown above in figure 11. For a neutron to separate from the nucleus without decaying first, its connection to the nucleus must decay first. This can happen because of the centrifugal force of spin and by the friction of the ZPF which produces a lot of virtual particles immediately surrounding the nuclei. The virtual particles can react with, and enact the separation of loosely connected neutrons. Exterior radiation into the nucleus can also cause nuclear decay. Part of the connection of these neutrons which come loose in the center of the nuclei, as shown above, become ‘W’ and ‘Z’ bosons, very short-lived particles that are created by this separation.
3.3 Explaining the Strong Force, the Weak Force, and related Interactions
As was explained above concerning the Strong Force, strong nuclear connections can be made concerning neutrons engaging protons. But for the Weak Force neutrons can engage and attach to each other, which can result in a weak connection as in Helium 6 and 8 nuclei, but some heavier elements have stable isotopes where the number of neutrons is much greater than the protons, yet little if any neutron decay occurs since that isotope is known to be stable and likely has a symmetrical shape.
As seen above concerning the neutrons of helium 6, two left and two right, a free neutron that breaks loose via the weak force results in a free neutron which itself will decay within about 15 minutes after separation, into a proton, electron, and neutrino, via the weak force.
“Stable isotopes of heavier elements have a great surplus of neutrons compared to the number of protons. For example the relatively stable isotope of uranium, U_238, has 92 protons and 146 neutrons, nearly a 3 to 2 ratio.” So according to this GUT, the symmetry of the nucleus is the determinant as to whether the weak force will be involved with nuclear decay.
Although uranium 238 does not usually involve neutron decay, it is radio-active because it involves other aspects of decay via the Weak Force.
“Uranium-238 decays via alpha particle emission into thorium-234, which itself decays by beta emission to protactinium-234, which decays by beta emission to uranium-234, and so on. The various decay products, (sometimes referred to as “progeny” or “daughters”) form a series starting at uranium-238.” Such decay processes are common for heavier radio-active elements although a great deal of time may be involved between the beginning to the end of such decay.
3.4 What is the source-cause of the Strong and Weak Forces creating atomic nuclei?
The forces that create progressively larger atomic nuclei are found within the cores of stars, and the process is atomic fusion. This process starts with hydrogen fusing into helium, helium into Lithium, Lithium into beryllium, beryllium into Boron, Boron into Carbon, Carbon into Nitrogen, Nitrogen into Oxygen, etc.
The heat within stars is a force pushing outward which must be overcome by the gravitational force pushing inward. This strong gravitational force fuses nuclei together within stellar cores. So we might refer to the explanation of gravity above where the Zero Point Field is its cause. This also applies to supernovae where they collapse via gravity and explode in one large fusion of many remaining elements. This is presently believed to be the source of the heaviest elements. Other theories involving the creation of the heaviest elements also require the strongest gravity as in theoretical neutron stars.
Like gravity and magnetism, the Strong and Weak nuclear forces within atomic nuclei were created by the Zero Point Field via the inward pushing pressures of gravity causing the initial nuclear fusion.
4.0 Overall answers and explanations:
What do all the so-called forces of nature have in common which justifies the title Grand Unified Theory?
The unifying factor which enables the collective understanding of all the forces of nature and how they relate to each other is the Zero Point Field (ZPF). According to the above explanations the ZPF is the source-cause of gravity, of magnetism, that creates the fusion of atomic nuclei via gravity causing nuclear fusion, creating the so-called Strong and Weak forces within them. The bottom line however is that none of the so-called forces of nature are fundamental or independent forces, and none are pulling forces at a distance. They all relate to the uniform Omni-present pushing pressure of the ZPF which again is 6.6743015 × 10−11 Newtons, the force quantity of the gravitational constant G.
If what we are proposing is correct, which may take a long time to confirm, these explanations would change the understandings of physics so that we believe most every related aspect of physics would be conceptually different and simpler to understand, mathematics aside.
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For further information regarding this proposal, to make comments, ask questions, suggest corrections, etc., please contact me, Forrest Noble, at forrest_forrest@netzero.net, or pantheory.org@gmail.com, or call me. I will be very happy to talk to you about this proposal, or past proposals listed below, or related physics.
Phone numbers (562) 331-8334, (562) 924-3313, (562) 414-8299
The primary source of the information in this paper is the Pan Theory, a theory more than five decades old which is in on-line book form. It is an alternative to many mainstream theories and Because of it’s entirely unique theoretical physics and equations, there can be no other direct reference source.
Other directly related papers written by the author and associates have been:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353700439_Theory_of_Everythng_14
Finis